Royal Society of Chemistry Journal
We report on low molar mass cationic RAFT agents that provide predictable molar mass and low molar mass dispersities (Đm) in ab initio emulsion polymerization. Thus RAFT emulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of the protonated RAFT agent, ((((cyanomethyl)thio)carbonothioyl)(methyl)amino)pyridin-1-ium toluenesulfonate (4), and the analogous methyl-quaternized RAFT agents, 4-((((cyanomethyl)thio)carbonothioyl)(methyl)amino)-1-methylpyridin-1-ium dodecyl sulfate (6), provide low dispersity polystyrene with Đm 1.2–1.4 for Mn ∼ 20 000. We postulate that the success of ab initio emulsion polymerization with 4 is due to the hydrophilicity of the pyridinium group, which is such that the water soluble RAFT agent partitions predominantly into the aqueous phase under the conditions of the experiment and that 4 provides little retardation. With 6, when the counterion is dodecyl sulfate, we can achieve “surfactant-free” RAFT emulsion polymerization to provide a low Đm polystyrene. However, the RAFT end-group is lost on isolation of the polymer. Preliminary results show that this class of RAFT agent is broadly applicable in ab initio emulsion polymerization of other more-activated monomers (e.g., butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate). Furthermore, cyanomethyl(pyridin-4-yl)carbamodithioate (3, the RAFT agent in neutral form) provides molar mass control and Đm < 1.8 in ab initio emulsion polymerization of less activated monomers, specifically, the vinyl esters, vinyl acetate and vinyl benzoate.
For details: Ab initio RAFT emulsion polymerization mediated by small cationic RAFT agents to form polymers with low molar mass dispersity
Sarah J. Stace ab, Jochen Vanderspikken bc, Shaun C. Howard b, Guoxin Li b, Benjamin W. Muir b, Christopher M. Fellows a, Daniel J. Keddie ad and Graeme Moad b
a School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
b CSIRO Manufacturing, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
c Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Agoralaan 1 – Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
d School of Biology, Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, West Midlands WV1 1LY, UK
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Royal Society of Chemistry Journal
DOI: 10.1039/c9py00893d
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